SUMMARY CHART OF MODALS AND SIMILAR EXPRESSIONS

AUXILIARY	USES	SENTENCES
may	1) polite request (only with I or we)	May I expand my bussiness facilities or purchase a new line of inventory with it?
	2) formal permission	Furthermore, as the signs may be addressed to one sense or another — to sight or to hearing
	3) less than 50% certainty	Yet nothing is more certain than that parties may be bound by a contract to things which neither of them intended
might	1) less than 50% certainty	A mix of rate increases and cuts in tax expenditures might be a sensible path
	2) polite request (rare)	Might I send the letter of payment tomorrow?
Should	1) advisability	that all costs should be included, including operating costs, including personnel, as the Auditor-General had recommended.
	2) 90% certainty (expectation)	that should have been: “costs related to contracted Sea King support, new infrastructure, Canadian Forces personnel, and ongoing operating costs.
Ought do	1) advisability	We ought to “redistribute” income to the poor, they say.
	2) 90% certainty (expectation)	We’re busy debating whether a multimillionaire like Mitt Romney ought to pay a few more percentage points in federal taxes.
had better	1) advisability with threat of bad result	. “You’ve had better economic news, an you’ve had better news out of Europe” said Scott Graham.
be supposed to	1) expectation	it was supposed to account for these, under Treasury Board rules, under the Auditor-General’s recommendation, and by its own publicly stated agreement with both
	2) unfulfilled expectation
Be to	1) strong expectation	government to be so confused that it would both apply and not apply the concept at the same time
Must	1) strong necessity	If you want to know the law and nothing else, you must look at it as a bad man
	2) prohibition (negative)	A dynamic and successful Europe is not a one-size-fits-all kind of Europe and European integration must not become a goal in itself.
	3) 95% certainty	If it matters at all, still speaking from the bad man's point of view, it must be because in one case and not in the other some further disadvantages, or at least some further consequences, are attached to the act by law.
Have  to	1) necessity	How much of that $162 million the men will ultimately have to pay depends.
	2) lack of necessity (negative)	I take it for granted that no hearer of mine will misinterpret what I have to say as the language of cynicism.
have got to	1) necessity	We have got to work harder to reinforce each other’s recoveries.
Will	1) 100% certainty	Consumers are free to make decisions about which products they prefer to buy, and companies are free to decide what products and services will be provided
	2) willingness	Demand for them will remainhigh, and low borrowing costs will ease our fiscal problems.
	3) polite request
Be going to	1) 100% certainty	It’s going to be tempting to look at home price declines.
	2) definite plan	We thought it was going to be a second-half-of-the-year event.
Can	1) ability/possibility	it is likely to trigger a spike in world oil prices, because oil supplies to world markets will be reduced.
	2) informal permission
	3) informal polite request
	4) impossibility (negative only)	He would not know it was the standard, not only at Treasury Board, but across NATO.
could	1) past ability
	2) polite request
	3) suggestion (affirmative only)
	4) less than 50% certainty	And that there could becontinuing demand for riskier.
	5) impossibility (negative only)	Still, however strong Sheehan and Picard felt their case was, they could not be certain of victory.
Be able to	1) ability	At the other end of the scale, only one incumbent, President Roosevelt running in 1940, wasable to win despite substantial stock market losses
would	1) polite request	How would you rate the goverments performances performances in key economic areas?
	2) preference	Crude oil would still be more than five times as expensive as natural gas.
	3) repeated action in the past
Used to	1) repeated action in the past	Economic Tool Used to Aid Decision-Making Regarding the Distribution of Public Funds
	2) past situation that no longer Exists
Shall	1) polite question to make a Suggestion	Shall we buy them, as we buy the services of laundry workers, with money we earn doing things we do well?
	2) future with I or we as subject	We are studying what we shall want in order to appear before judges, or to advise people in such a way as to keep them out of court

CONDITIONAL SENTENCE

CONDITIONAL SENTENCE

 

OLEH :

RESTI KURNIA NISA ANJAR

21209099

Kelas : 3EB04

UNIVERSITAS GUNADARMA

2011

In grammar, conditional sentences are sentences discussing factual implications or hypothetical situations and their consequences. Languages use a variety of conditional constructions and verb forms (such as the conditional mood) to form such sentences.

Conditional Sentences are also known as Conditional Clauses or If Clauses. They are used to express that the action in the main clause (without if) can only take place if a certain condition (in the clause with if) is fulfilled. Full conditional sentences contain two clauses: the condition or protasis, and the consequence or apodosis. while English conditional sentences can be divided into the two broad classes of factual/predictive and hypothetical (counterfactual), depending on the form of the verb in the condition (protasis). The terms "factual" and "counterfactual" broadly correspond to the linguistic modalities called realis and irrealis.

a.       factual/real conditional

some thing which may possibly happen in the future

Conditional				Independent clouse
If	subject	V (present)	,	Subject	will	Verb 1
If	I	Have a naughty student		I	Will	Punish him

fact : I may have a naughty student in the future

e.g :

b.      factual conditionals / impossible result

Conditional				Independent clouse
If	Subject	V (past)	Object	Subject	Would+	Verb1	object
If	I	Had	A naughty student	I	Would	Punish	Her

            fact : I don’t have a naughty student

e.g :

·         if I had a cell phone, I would call him

fact: I don’t a cell phone, so I won’t call him

·         If I were her mother, I would let her go

I am not her mother, so I won’t let her go

note : remember that the verb BE is always were in contrary-to-fact conditional

In English conditional sentences there are 3 types:

1.      conditional sentences type 1 :

·         Future Possible

The first conditional (also called conditional type 1) is a structure used for talking about possibilities in the present or in the future.

This is used to denote an action that will be / happen in the future if a condition fulfilled. The possibility of doing that, depending on the condition that met or not. Attitudes of the speaker in this case showed the neutral and still hope that these actions can occur.

Real conditionals expressing generalizations usually have the same tense (usually simple present or simple past) in both clauses. However, if the simple present tense is used in the if-clause, will + verb can be used in the main clause without changing the meaning.

rumus : if + Simple Present, will-Future

For this type of sentence structure as follows:

• Main clause _ simple future tense

• If clause_ simple present tense

Examples of real conditional sentences expressing facts:

·         If water boils, it turns to steam.

 If water boils, it will turn to steam.

Examples of real conditional sentences expressing habitual activities:

·         If he eats breakfast, he feels better all day.

If he eats breakfast, he will feel better all day.

If he ate breakfast, he felt better all day.

These generalizations can also be expressed by using when or whenever instead of if:

·         When water boils, it turns to steam.

When he eats breakfast, he feels better all day.

When he ate breakfast, he felt better all day.

Unless – If Not

Unless used to replace if not, for negative statements. Note in the sentence below:

e.g :

·         If you don’t take an umbrella. You will get wet.

fact: Unless you take an umbrella. You will get wet.

·         if I learn, I will pass the exam

fact: if I learn, I won't fail the exam

·         If you don’t study hard. You won’t pass the examination.

fact: Unless you study hard. You won’t pass the examination.

·         if I don't learn, I will fail the exam

fact: if I dont't learn, I won't pass the exam

·         If it doesn’t rain tomorrow. I will go for a swim.

fact: Unless it rains tomorrow. I will not go for a swim.

2.      conditional sentences type 2 :

Ø  Present Unreal

This section is used to declare a state of different / opposite of the reality in the present. appropriate sentence structure as follows:

• Main clause _ past future tense

• If clause_ future tense simple

Conditional Sentence Type 2 : It is possible but very unlikely, that the condition will be fulfilled.

the formula: if + Simple Past, Conditional I (= would + Infinitive)

e.g:

·         If you studied hard, you would pass the examination.

fact: You don’t study hard, so you would not pass the examination

·         If I had a car. I would take a trip to bali.

fact: I don’t have a car

·         If my father knew how to drive. He would buy a car.

fact: My father doesn’t know to drive

·         I would eat japanese food if I lived in japan.

fact: I don’t live in japan

·         He would buy a new house if he had much money.

fact: He doesn’t have much money

·         If I had the money, I would buy this car.

fact: Since I do not have the money I cannot buy any new car

3.      conditional sentences type 3 :

Ø  Past Unreal

The third conditional (also called conditional type 3) is a structure used for talking about unreal situations in the past. In other words, it is used to talk about things which DID NOT HAPPEN in the past, so It is impossible that the condition will be fulfilled because it refers to the past.

the formula: if   Past Perfect, Conditional II (= would   have   Past Participle)

Past unreal is used to express a different situation, and contrary to reality in the past. composition of the sentence as follows:

•          Main clause _ Past future perfect tense

•         If clause _ Past perfect tense.

e.g:

·         If we had played a little better, we could have won the game.

fact: We didn't play well, so we lost the game.

·         If he had gone to the concert last night, he would have seen Mary

fact: He didn’t go to the concert, so not have seen mary

·         If I had seen you yesterday, I would tell told you about it.

fact:  I didn’t see you yesterday, so I wouldn't tell you about it.

·         If weather had been fine yesterday, we would have gone for swim.

fact: the weather was bad yesterday, so we're not gone for swim

·         If you had told her the truth, she wouldn’t have been angry.

fact: You didn’t tell her the truth), she would have been angry

conclusion :

Conditional Sentences are also known as Conditional Clauses or If Clauses. They are used to express that the action in the main clause (without if) can only take place if a certain condition (in the clause with if) is fulfilled. There are three types of Conditional Sentences.

§  Conditional Sentence Type 1

→ It is possible and also very likely that the condition will be fulfilled.

Form: if + Simple Present, will-Future

Example: If I find her address, I’ll send her an invitation.

§  Conditional Sentence Type 2

→ It is possible but very unlikely, that the condition will be fulfilled.

Form: if + Simple Past, Conditional I (= would + Infinitive)

Example: If I found her address, I would send her an invitation.

§  Conditional Sentence Type 3

→ It is impossible that the condition will be fulfilled because it refers to the past.

Form: if + Past Perfect, Conditional II (= would + have + Past Participle)

Example: If I had found her address, I would have sent her an invitation.

so, in conditional sentence type 1 and type 2 focus on the present or future, the time in type 3 is the past and signifies a completed action in the past. The condition, therefore, cannot be fulfilled because the action in the if-clause did not happen

REFERENSI :

§  Th. M. Sudarwati dan Eudia Grace.2004.Look Ahead Book2 An English Course.

       PT Gelora Aksara Pratama.

§  Anwar, munash F.2006.English in Progress Business &management.bogor:yudistira.

§  http://wiwikyulihaningsih.wordpress.com/

§  http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/conditional-sentences

§  http://faculty.deanza.edu/flemingjohn/stories/storyReader%2418

§  http://netgrammar.altec.org/Units/Unit_15/a101c15_201000.html