CONDITIONAL SENTENCE

CONDITIONAL SENTENCE

 

OLEH :

RESTI KURNIA NISA ANJAR

21209099

Kelas : 3EB04

UNIVERSITAS GUNADARMA

2011

In grammar, conditional sentences are sentences discussing factual implications or hypothetical situations and their consequences. Languages use a variety of conditional constructions and verb forms (such as the conditional mood) to form such sentences.

Conditional Sentences are also known as Conditional Clauses or If Clauses. They are used to express that the action in the main clause (without if) can only take place if a certain condition (in the clause with if) is fulfilled. Full conditional sentences contain two clauses: the condition or protasis, and the consequence or apodosis. while English conditional sentences can be divided into the two broad classes of factual/predictive and hypothetical (counterfactual), depending on the form of the verb in the condition (protasis). The terms "factual" and "counterfactual" broadly correspond to the linguistic modalities called realis and irrealis.

a.       factual/real conditional

some thing which may possibly happen in the future

Conditional				Independent clouse
If	subject	V (present)	,	Subject	will	Verb 1
If	I	Have a naughty student		I	Will	Punish him

fact : I may have a naughty student in the future

e.g :

b.      factual conditionals / impossible result

Conditional				Independent clouse
If	Subject	V (past)	Object	Subject	Would+	Verb1	object
If	I	Had	A naughty student	I	Would	Punish	Her

            fact : I don’t have a naughty student

e.g :

·         if I had a cell phone, I would call him

fact: I don’t a cell phone, so I won’t call him

·         If I were her mother, I would let her go

I am not her mother, so I won’t let her go

note : remember that the verb BE is always were in contrary-to-fact conditional

In English conditional sentences there are 3 types:

1.      conditional sentences type 1 :

·         Future Possible

The first conditional (also called conditional type 1) is a structure used for talking about possibilities in the present or in the future.

This is used to denote an action that will be / happen in the future if a condition fulfilled. The possibility of doing that, depending on the condition that met or not. Attitudes of the speaker in this case showed the neutral and still hope that these actions can occur.

Real conditionals expressing generalizations usually have the same tense (usually simple present or simple past) in both clauses. However, if the simple present tense is used in the if-clause, will + verb can be used in the main clause without changing the meaning.

rumus : if + Simple Present, will-Future

For this type of sentence structure as follows:

• Main clause _ simple future tense

• If clause_ simple present tense

Examples of real conditional sentences expressing facts:

·         If water boils, it turns to steam.

 If water boils, it will turn to steam.

Examples of real conditional sentences expressing habitual activities:

·         If he eats breakfast, he feels better all day.

If he eats breakfast, he will feel better all day.

If he ate breakfast, he felt better all day.

These generalizations can also be expressed by using when or whenever instead of if:

·         When water boils, it turns to steam.

When he eats breakfast, he feels better all day.

When he ate breakfast, he felt better all day.

Unless – If Not

Unless used to replace if not, for negative statements. Note in the sentence below:

e.g :

·         If you don’t take an umbrella. You will get wet.

fact: Unless you take an umbrella. You will get wet.

·         if I learn, I will pass the exam

fact: if I learn, I won't fail the exam

·         If you don’t study hard. You won’t pass the examination.

fact: Unless you study hard. You won’t pass the examination.

·         if I don't learn, I will fail the exam

fact: if I dont't learn, I won't pass the exam

·         If it doesn’t rain tomorrow. I will go for a swim.

fact: Unless it rains tomorrow. I will not go for a swim.

2.      conditional sentences type 2 :

Ø  Present Unreal

This section is used to declare a state of different / opposite of the reality in the present. appropriate sentence structure as follows:

• Main clause _ past future tense

• If clause_ future tense simple

Conditional Sentence Type 2 : It is possible but very unlikely, that the condition will be fulfilled.

the formula: if + Simple Past, Conditional I (= would + Infinitive)

e.g:

·         If you studied hard, you would pass the examination.

fact: You don’t study hard, so you would not pass the examination

·         If I had a car. I would take a trip to bali.

fact: I don’t have a car

·         If my father knew how to drive. He would buy a car.

fact: My father doesn’t know to drive

·         I would eat japanese food if I lived in japan.

fact: I don’t live in japan

·         He would buy a new house if he had much money.

fact: He doesn’t have much money

·         If I had the money, I would buy this car.

fact: Since I do not have the money I cannot buy any new car

3.      conditional sentences type 3 :

Ø  Past Unreal

The third conditional (also called conditional type 3) is a structure used for talking about unreal situations in the past. In other words, it is used to talk about things which DID NOT HAPPEN in the past, so It is impossible that the condition will be fulfilled because it refers to the past.

the formula: if   Past Perfect, Conditional II (= would   have   Past Participle)

Past unreal is used to express a different situation, and contrary to reality in the past. composition of the sentence as follows:

•          Main clause _ Past future perfect tense

•         If clause _ Past perfect tense.

e.g:

·         If we had played a little better, we could have won the game.

fact: We didn't play well, so we lost the game.

·         If he had gone to the concert last night, he would have seen Mary

fact: He didn’t go to the concert, so not have seen mary

·         If I had seen you yesterday, I would tell told you about it.

fact:  I didn’t see you yesterday, so I wouldn't tell you about it.

·         If weather had been fine yesterday, we would have gone for swim.

fact: the weather was bad yesterday, so we're not gone for swim

·         If you had told her the truth, she wouldn’t have been angry.

fact: You didn’t tell her the truth), she would have been angry

conclusion :

Conditional Sentences are also known as Conditional Clauses or If Clauses. They are used to express that the action in the main clause (without if) can only take place if a certain condition (in the clause with if) is fulfilled. There are three types of Conditional Sentences.

§  Conditional Sentence Type 1

→ It is possible and also very likely that the condition will be fulfilled.

Form: if + Simple Present, will-Future

Example: If I find her address, I’ll send her an invitation.

§  Conditional Sentence Type 2

→ It is possible but very unlikely, that the condition will be fulfilled.

Form: if + Simple Past, Conditional I (= would + Infinitive)

Example: If I found her address, I would send her an invitation.

§  Conditional Sentence Type 3

→ It is impossible that the condition will be fulfilled because it refers to the past.

Form: if + Past Perfect, Conditional II (= would + have + Past Participle)

Example: If I had found her address, I would have sent her an invitation.

so, in conditional sentence type 1 and type 2 focus on the present or future, the time in type 3 is the past and signifies a completed action in the past. The condition, therefore, cannot be fulfilled because the action in the if-clause did not happen

REFERENSI :

§  Th. M. Sudarwati dan Eudia Grace.2004.Look Ahead Book2 An English Course.

       PT Gelora Aksara Pratama.

§  Anwar, munash F.2006.English in Progress Business &management.bogor:yudistira.

§  http://wiwikyulihaningsih.wordpress.com/

§  http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/conditional-sentences

§  http://faculty.deanza.edu/flemingjohn/stories/storyReader%2418

§  http://netgrammar.altec.org/Units/Unit_15/a101c15_201000.html

PILIHAN DAN KEJUJURAN

Kadang,, hal tersulit dalam hidup adalah saat kita di hadapkan pd sebuah pilihan ..

Saat kita harus jujur akan hati , keinginan dan harapan ..

Contohnya,,
CINTA
Saat kita mencintai atau di cintai bbrapa org dlm wktu bersamaan,,
mereka semua baik di hadapan kita,, tp kita hanya blh memilih slh satunya..
Huuff, PILIHAN N KEJUJURAN yg harus qt lakukan,,
sulit memang,, tp qt memang harus memilih yg terbaik dr yg baik..
Gw sll inget kata seseorg yg berarti bgt dlm hidup gw,,
kata beliau ,,
dalam hidup kita pasti akan banyak beribu pilihan,, tinggal kita mau pilih yg baik atau buruk,,
jadi diri sendiri , ikutin kata hati, gunakan logika n fikiran and jgn lupa kan Allah .
So,, dgn gt kita akan lbh mudah dlm menjalani kehidupan ini .
Ok guys .

PARAGRAF GENERALISASI, ANALOGI DAN KAUSALITAS

TUGAS BI 2 PART 3

Contoh paragraf GENERALISASI

Jenis profesi akuntansi meliputi akuntan publik, akuntan pendidik, akuntan manajemen, konsultan SIA/SIM, auditor internal, dll. Namun dari jenis tersebut akuntan publik merupkan satu-satunya profesi akuntansi yang menyediakan jasa audit yang bersifat independen, yaitu memberikan jasa untuk memeriksa, menganalisis dan kemudian memberikan pendapat atas laporan keuangan suatu perusahaan. Namun, untuk menjadi akuntan pubik seseorang harus lulus Fakultas Ekonomi atau Sekolah tinggi Ilmu Ekonomi/Akuntansi serta harus memliki gelar sebagai akuntan dan mengambil gelar profesi penerbit. Calon akuntan pubik juga dituntut memiliki indeks prestasi kumulatif (IPK) minimal 3,00 dan harus memiliki kemampuan dalam mengelola laporan keuangan dengan baik dan juga memiliki kemampuan dalam berbahasa asing khususnya bahasa inggris. Ketika syarat-syarat tersebut sudah terpenuhi, calon akuntan harus mengikuti ujian sertifikasi akuntan publik. Oleh karna itu, tidaklah mudah untuk menjadi seorang akuntan publik.

Contoh paragraf ANALOGI

Banyak orang yang salah dalam berhemat. Seperti pepatah mengatakan, ”HEMAT PANGKAL KAYA”. Berhemat adalah perbuatan mulia, tapi dalam prakteknya berhemat tidak otomotis menjadi kaya. Bahkan jika terlalu berhemat bisa menyebabkan kita menjadi kikir, karna tidak mau shadaqoh atau infak. Bahkan jika berhemat dengan cara yang salah dapat membuat hidup jadi sengsara. Jadi, cara hemat yang benar dengan menikmati rezeki yang kita miliki sesuai kebutuhan, tidak berlebihan agar tetap dapat menikmati hidup dan investasikan sebagian penghasilan anda serta jangan lupa bersadaqah karna allah akan menambah keberkahan serta rizki yang kita dapatkan. Dengan begitu kehidupan finansial akan menjadi lebih baik di bandingkan dengan sekedar berhemat.

Contoh paragraf KAUSALITAS

Kurangnya kesadaran mahasiswa akan sebuah tanggung jawab menjadikan kebanyakan dari meraka menyepelekan setiap peraturan dan kewajibannya. Seperti sering datang terlambat, sering tidak masuk kelas, tidak mendengarkan saat dosen menjelaskan, tidak belajar saat mau ujian, tidak mengerjakan tugas, menitipkan tugas individu kepada temannya, bahkan kadang ada yang hanya menitip absen. Akibatnya  ipk mereka menjadi jelek dan kuliah mereka pun menjadi berantakan.