|
OLEH :
RESTI KURNIA NISA ANJAR
21209099
Kelas : 3EB04
UNIVERSITAS GUNADARMA
2011
In
grammar, conditional sentences are sentences discussing factual implications or
hypothetical situations and their consequences. Languages use a variety of
conditional constructions and verb forms (such as the conditional mood) to form
such sentences.
Conditional
Sentences are also known as Conditional Clauses or If Clauses. They are used to
express that the action in the main clause (without if) can only take place if
a certain condition (in the clause with if) is fulfilled. Full conditional
sentences contain two clauses: the condition or protasis, and the consequence
or apodosis. while English conditional sentences can be divided into the two
broad classes of factual/predictive and hypothetical (counterfactual),
depending on the form of the verb in the condition (protasis). The terms
"factual" and "counterfactual" broadly correspond to the
linguistic modalities called realis and irrealis.
a. factual/real
conditional
some
thing which may possibly happen in the future
Conditional
|
Independent
clouse
|
|||||
If
|
subject
|
V
(present)
|
,
|
Subject
|
will
|
Verb
1
|
If
|
I
|
Have
a naughty
student
|
I
|
Will
|
Punish
him
|
|
fact
: I may have a naughty student in the future
e.g
:
b. factual
conditionals / impossible result
Conditional
|
Independent
clouse
|
||||||
If
|
Subject
|
V
(past)
|
Object
|
Subject
|
Would+
|
Verb1
|
object
|
If
|
I
|
Had
|
A
naughty student
|
I
|
Would
|
Punish
|
Her
|
fact : I don’t have a naughty
student
e.g
:
·
if I had a cell phone, I would call him
fact: I don’t a cell
phone, so I won’t call him
·
If I were her mother, I would let her go
I am not her mother, so I won’t let
her go
note
: remember that the verb BE is always were in contrary-to-fact conditional
In
English conditional sentences there are 3 types:
1. conditional
sentences type 1 :
·
Future Possible
The
first conditional (also called conditional type 1) is a structure used for
talking about possibilities in the present or in the future.
This
is used to denote an action that will be / happen in the future if a condition
fulfilled. The possibility of doing that, depending on the condition that met
or not. Attitudes of the speaker in this case showed the neutral and still hope
that these actions can occur.
Real
conditionals expressing generalizations usually have the same tense (usually
simple present or simple past) in both clauses. However, if the simple present
tense is used in the if-clause, will + verb can be used in the main clause without
changing the meaning.
rumus
: if + Simple Present, will-Future
For
this type of sentence structure as follows:
•
Main clause _ simple future tense
•
If clause_ simple present tense
Examples
of real conditional sentences expressing facts:
·
If water boils, it turns to steam.
If water boils, it will turn to steam.
Examples
of real conditional sentences expressing habitual activities:
·
If he eats breakfast, he feels better
all day.
If he eats breakfast,
he will feel better all day.
If he ate breakfast, he felt better
all day.
These
generalizations can also be expressed by using when or whenever instead of if:
·
When water boils, it turns to steam.
When he eats breakfast,
he feels better all day.
When he ate breakfast, he felt
better all day.
Unless – If Not
Unless
used to replace if not, for negative statements. Note in the sentence below:
e.g
:
·
If you don’t take an umbrella. You will
get wet.
fact: Unless you take
an umbrella. You will get wet.
·
if I learn, I will pass the exam
fact: if I learn, I won't
fail the exam
·
If you don’t study hard. You won’t pass
the examination.
fact: Unless you study
hard. You won’t pass the examination.
·
if I don't learn, I will fail the exam
fact: if I dont't
learn, I won't pass the exam
·
If it doesn’t rain tomorrow. I will go
for a swim.
fact: Unless it rains
tomorrow. I will not go for a swim.
2. conditional
sentences type 2 :
Ø Present
Unreal
This
section is used to declare a state of different / opposite of the reality in
the present. appropriate sentence structure as follows:
• Main clause _ past
future tense
• If clause_ future tense simple
Conditional
Sentence Type 2 : It is possible but very unlikely, that the condition will be
fulfilled.
the formula: if +
Simple Past, Conditional I (= would + Infinitive)
e.g:
·
If you studied hard, you would pass the
examination.
fact:
You don’t study hard, so you would not pass the examination
·
If I had a car. I would take a trip to
bali.
fact:
I don’t have a car
·
If my father knew how to drive. He would
buy a car.
fact:
My father doesn’t know to drive
·
I would eat japanese food if I lived in
japan.
fact:
I don’t live in japan
·
He would buy a new house if he had much
money.
fact:
He doesn’t have much money
·
If I had the money, I would buy this
car.
fact:
Since I do not have the money I cannot buy any new car
3. conditional
sentences type 3 :
Ø Past
Unreal
The
third conditional (also called conditional type 3) is a structure used for
talking about unreal situations in the past. In other words, it is used to talk
about things which DID NOT HAPPEN in the past, so It is impossible that the
condition will be fulfilled because it refers to the past.
the formula: if Past Perfect, Conditional II (= would have
Past Participle)
Past
unreal is used to express a different situation, and contrary to reality in the
past. composition of the sentence as follows:
•
Main
clause _ Past future perfect tense
•
If clause _ Past perfect tense.
e.g:
·
If we had played a little better, we
could have won the game.
fact: We didn't play
well, so we lost the game.
·
If he had gone to the concert last
night, he would have seen Mary
fact: He didn’t go to
the concert, so not have seen mary
·
If I had seen you yesterday, I would
tell told you about it.
fact: I didn’t see you yesterday, so I wouldn't
tell you about it.
·
If weather had been fine yesterday, we
would have gone for swim.
fact: the weather was
bad yesterday, so we're not gone for swim
·
If you had told her the truth, she
wouldn’t have been angry.
fact: You didn’t tell her the
truth), she would have been angry
conclusion
:
Conditional
Sentences are also known as Conditional Clauses or If Clauses. They are used to
express that the action in the main clause (without if) can only take place if
a certain condition (in the clause with if) is fulfilled. There are three types
of Conditional Sentences.
§ Conditional
Sentence Type 1
→
It is possible and also very likely that the condition will be fulfilled.
Form:
if + Simple Present, will-Future
Example:
If I find her address, I’ll send her an invitation.
§ Conditional
Sentence Type 2
→
It is possible but very unlikely, that the condition will be fulfilled.
Form:
if + Simple Past, Conditional I (= would + Infinitive)
Example:
If I found her address, I would send her an invitation.
§ Conditional
Sentence Type 3
→
It is impossible that the condition will be fulfilled because it refers to the
past.
Form:
if + Past Perfect, Conditional II (= would + have + Past Participle)
Example:
If I had found her address, I would have sent her an invitation.
so,
in conditional sentence type 1 and type 2 focus on the present or future, the
time in type 3 is the past and signifies a completed action in the past. The
condition, therefore, cannot be fulfilled because the action in the if-clause
did not happen
REFERENSI
:
§ Th.
M. Sudarwati dan Eudia Grace.2004.Look Ahead Book2 An English Course.
PT Gelora Aksara Pratama.
§ Anwar,
munash F.2006.English in Progress Business &management.bogor:yudistira.
